Technology surrounds us, yet many of the terms we encounter daily remain unclear. This reference guide provides straightforward definitions for the technology terminology that matters most in everyday life.
Technology has become inseparable from daily life, yet many of us navigate it with only a partial understanding of the terms that define our digital routines. When the internet connection fails, when setting up a new device, or when discussing home networks with service providers, a working vocabulary of basic technology terms transforms confusion into clarity.
Technology no longer announces itself. It slips quietly into homes through phones, televisions, routers, and subscriptions, then reshapes how families communicate, learn, work, shop, and stay safe. Most households rely on digital systems daily without understanding the language behind them.
This is not about becoming a technical expert. It is about practical literacy—understanding the infrastructure that underpins modern communication, entertainment, work, and access to information. Without this understanding, people are more vulnerable to scams, poor decisions, privacy risks, and misplaced trust in systems they cannot see.
What follows is a foundational glossary of one hundred essential technology terms every modern household should recognise and understand.
Internet and Networks
1. Internet
The global network of interconnected computers and servers that allows devices worldwide to communicate and exchange data via physical cables, fibre-optic cables, and wireless connections. When you browse websites, send emails, stream videos, or use social media, you are using the Internet.
2. Intranet
A private network used within an organisation to communicate internally and store information securely. Unlike the Internet, which is public, an intranet is restricted to authorised users within a company or institution.
3. World Wide Web (WWW)
A system of interconnected web pages and documents accessed through the Internet using web browsers. Often confused with the Internet itself, the Web is one service that runs on the Internet infrastructure.
4. Network
A group of interconnected devices—computers, phones, printers, smart home devices—capable of exchanging information and sharing resources such as files, internet connections, and printers.
5. Local Area Network (LAN)
A network that connects devices within a limited geographical area, such as a home, office, or building, enabling resource sharing and communication between nearby devices.
6. Wide Area Network (WAN) A network that spans large geographical distances, connecting multiple smaller networks across cities, countries, or continents. The Internet is the largest WAN.
7. WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) Wireless networking technology that allows devices to connect to the Internet and communicate with each other without physical cables, using radio waves to transmit data within a limited range.
8. Ethernet
A wired networking technology using physical cables to connect devices to networks or the Internet. Ethernet connections are typically faster and more stable than WiFi.
9. Bandwidth
The maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over an Internet connection in a given time period, typically measured in megabits per second (Mbps) or gigabits per second (Gbps). Higher bandwidth enables faster loading, better streaming quality, and support for multiple simultaneous users.
10. Broadband
High-speed Internet connection that remains always on and can transmit large amounts of data simultaneously, replacing older dial-up connections that required phone lines and blocked telephone use.
11. 4G/5G
Mobile network technologies that provide wireless Internet access to smartphones and tablets. 5G is the newer generation, offering faster speeds and lower latency than 4G. Coverage and performance vary significantly depending on location and provider.
12. ISP Throttling
The deliberate slowing of Internet connection speeds by service providers, typically during peak usage times or when users exceed data limits, affecting streaming and download speeds.
13. Data Plan
A mobile service agreement that specifies how much cellular data you can use per month for Internet access on phones and tablets, with charges or speed restrictions for exceeding limits.
Devices and Hardware
14. Router
A device that connects your home network to the Internet, managing traffic between your local devices and directing data to the correct destinations. Most modern routers also provide WiFi capability.
15. Modem
A device that connects your home to your Internet service provider, converting signals from your ISP into data your devices can use. Often combined with a router in a single unit provided by your ISP.
16. Server
A powerful computer designed to provide services, store data, or host applications for other computers over a network. Servers host websites, manage email, store files, and run online applications, typically operating continuously.
17. Hardware
The physical components of computers and devices, including processors, memory chips, screens, keyboards, and internal circuitry. Hardware provides the foundation for software operation.
18. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
A computer’s main processor that performs calculations and executes instructions, often called the “brain” of the computer. CPU speed and core count affect overall performance.
19. RAM (Random Access Memory)
Temporary memory used by computers to run programmes and process data, cleared when the device powers off. More RAM allows more programmes to run simultaneously without slowing down.
20. Storage
Permanent space on devices or drives where files, programmes, and data are saved, measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB). Storage persists when devices are powered off.
21. Hard Disk
A data storage device that holds large amounts of information permanently, typically internal to computers but also available as external units for backup and additional storage.
22. Flash Drive
A small, portable storage device that plugs into a computer’s USB port, functioning as an external drive for storing and transferring files between devices.
23. Flash Memory
A type of electronic storage that retains information even when power is removed. Commonly used in memory cards, USB drives, and solid-state drives for portable data storage.
24. USB (Universal Serial Bus)
A standard connection type for attaching devices like keyboards, mice, external drives, and phones to computers. USB connections also provide power for charging devices.
25. Bluetooth
Short-range wireless technology for connecting devices like headphones, speakers, keyboards, and smartphones without cables, typically effective within 10 metres.
26. GPS (Global Positioning System)
A satellite-based navigation system providing global positioning and timing services, enabling devices to determine precise locations for navigation, mapping, and tracking.
27. IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
A unique 15-digit number that identifies mobile devices on cellular networks, acting as a digital fingerprint to distinguish, track, and block stolen or lost phones.
Web and Software
28. Browser
Software application used to access and display websites, such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, or Microsoft Edge. Browsers interpret web code and present formatted pages to users.
29. Operating System (OS)
The core software that manages a computer’s hardware resources and enables other programmes to run. Common examples include Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, and Linux.
30. Application (App)
Software designed to perform specific tasks on computers, smartphones, or tablets, ranging from email clients and word processors to games, social media platforms, and productivity tools.
31. Software
Programmes and applications that run on computers and devices, providing functionality and features. Software contrasts with hardware, which refers to physical components.
32. Update
New versions of software or operating systems released to fix problems, add features, or enhance security. Regular updates keep devices secure, stable, and functional.
33. Patch
A targeted software update designed to fix specific security vulnerabilities, bugs, or performance issues. Patches act as quick repairs between major updates.
34. Bug
An error, flaw, or fault in computer software or hardware that causes incorrect, unexpected, or unintended results. Bugs range from minor display issues to critical system failures.
35. Website
A collection of related web pages stored on a server and accessible through the Internet, identified by a common domain name. Examples include news sites, online shops, blogs, and company pages.
36. Domain Name
The human-readable address for a website, such as google.com or bbc.co.uk, that replaces complex numerical IP addresses. Domain names must be registered through a domain registrar and renewed periodically.
37. URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
The complete web address displayed in your browser’s address bar, including the protocol (http:// or https://), domain name, and specific page path that identifies the exact location of a resource on the Internet.
38. Web Hosting
A service that stores website files on servers connected to the Internet, making websites accessible to visitors worldwide. Without hosting, a domain name leads nowhere.
39. Search Engine
A web service that helps users find information on the Internet by indexing websites and returning relevant results based on search terms. Google, Bing, and DuckDuckGo are common examples.
40. Hyperlink
A clickable connection that takes users from one location to another, either within the same document or to entirely different web pages, documents, or resources.
41. Cookies
Small text files stored on your device by websites to remember preferences, login information, and browsing activity. Cookies enable personalised experiences but raise privacy considerations.
42. Cache
Temporary storage of frequently accessed data on your device, allowing faster loading of previously visited websites and applications by reducing the need to re-download content.
43. Folder
A virtual container on a computer that organises and stores related files, helping users structure data logically. Also called directories in technical contexts.
44. Compress
The process of reducing file size to save storage space and enable faster transfer over networks. Common compression formats include ZIP, RAR, and MP4.
Communication Protocols and Standards
45. Protocol
A set of standardised rules that governs how data is transmitted over networks, ensuring different devices and systems can communicate reliably. Without protocols, digital communication would be chaotic and incompatible.
46. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
The fundamental protocols that enable Internet communication by breaking data into packets, transmitting them across networks, and reassembling them at the destination in the correct order.
47. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
The protocol used for transferring web pages and data across the World Wide Web, defining how browsers and servers communicate when you visit websites.
48. HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)
The secure version of HTTP, using encryption to protect data transmitted between your browser and websites. Essential for protecting passwords, payment information, and personal data.
49. IP Address (Internet Protocol Address)
A unique numerical identifier assigned to every device connected to a network, functioning like a postal address for digital communication. Example format: 192.168.1.1.
50. DNS (Domain Name System)
The Internet’s address book that translates human-readable domain names into numerical IP addresses that computers use to locate websites and services, making web navigation possible.
51. PING (Packet Internet Groper)
A utility that tests whether a computer is connected to the Internet and measures connection speed by sending data packets and timing the response. Often used by technical support teams to diagnose connection problems.
52. VPN (Virtual Private Network)
A service that creates a secure, encrypted connection over the Internet, protecting privacy by masking your IP address and allowing secure access to networks remotely.
Email and Messaging
53. Email (Electronic Mail)
A method of exchanging digital messages between people over computer networks, allowing fast, secure communication of text, documents, and images to one or more recipients worldwide.
54. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
The standard Internet protocol used for sending and delivering outgoing emails between servers. SMTP acts as the postal service of the Internet, moving messages from sender to recipient’s mail server.
55. POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)
A standard email protocol that downloads messages from a server to a single local device, typically deleting them from the server afterward. Suitable for accessing email from one device only.
56. IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
A standard email protocol that allows users to access and manage email messages directly on a mail server from multiple devices, keeping messages synchronised across all devices.
57. Spam
Unwanted, unsolicited emails or messages, often sent in bulk for advertising, phishing, or malicious purposes. Spam clogs inboxes and can pose security risks.
Security and Privacy
58. Cybersecurity
Practices and technologies designed to protect devices, networks, and data from digital threats, including viruses, hacking, identity theft, and unauthorised access.
59. Encryption
The process of converting information into coded format that prevents unauthorised access, making data unreadable without the correct decryption key. Essential for protecting sensitive information online.
60. Firewall
A security system that monitors and controls network traffic, blocking potentially harmful data whilst allowing legitimate communication. Firewalls protect networks from unauthorised access and cyber threats.
61. Password
A secret string of characters used to verify identity and protect access to accounts, devices, or networks. Strong passwords combine letters, numbers, and symbols.
62. Authentication
The process of verifying a person’s identity or device before allowing access to systems, accounts, or networks. Authentication typically requires passwords, security codes, or biometric data.
63. Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)
A security method requiring two forms of verification to access an account—typically a password plus a code sent to your phone—providing extra protection against unauthorised access.
64. Biometrics
Physical or behavioural characteristics used to identify individuals and control access to systems. Common biometric methods include fingerprints, facial recognition, iris scans, and voice patterns.
65. Antivirus Software
Programmes designed to detect, prevent, and remove malware from computers and devices, providing protection against viruses, spyware, ransomware, and other security threats.
66. Malware
Malicious software designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorised access to computer systems. Malware includes viruses, spyware, ransomware, trojans, and other harmful programmes.
67. Virus
A type of malicious software that replicates itself by inserting code into other programmes or files, spreading from computer to computer and potentially damaging systems or stealing information.
68. Phishing
Fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information like passwords or payment details by impersonating trustworthy entities through emails, messages, or fake websites.
69. Backup
A copy of important files and data stored separately from the original, allowing recovery in case of device failure, accidental deletion, ransomware attacks, or data loss.
70. Privacy
The right to control personal information and how it is collected, used, and shared by websites, applications, and organisations. Digital privacy concerns data protection and online tracking.
71. Digital Footprint
The trail of data and information left behind through online activity, including social media posts, browsing history, and digital interactions. Digital footprints can impact privacy and reputation.
72. Captcha
A challenge-response test, typically distorted text or image puzzles, designed to determine whether a user is human or an automated bot, protecting websites from spam and abuse.
Data and Cloud Services
73. Data
Information in digital form, including text, images, videos, location details, and personal records. Data is collected, analysed, stored, and increasingly traded or monetised by organisations.
74. Database
An organised collection of structured information or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system, allowing for efficient storage, retrieval, and management of large amounts of information.
75. Cloud Computing
Storing and accessing data and programmes over the Internet rather than on local hard drives, allowing access from any device with Internet connection. Examples include Google Drive, iCloud, and Dropbox.
76. Download
The process of transferring data from the Internet to your device, such as receiving emails, loading web pages, watching videos, or saving files to your computer or phone.
77. Upload
The process of sending data from your device to the Internet, such as posting photos to social media, sending emails with attachments, or backing up files to cloud storage.
78. Streaming
Continuous transmission of audio or video content that can be consumed as it arrives, without downloading the entire file first. Services like Netflix, Spotify, and YouTube use streaming technology.
79. Traffic
The total number of visitors or amount of data flowing to a website or across a network. Website traffic measures popularity, whilst network traffic affects connection speed.
Online Services and Digital Life
80. Internet Service Provider (ISP)
A company that provides Internet access to homes and businesses. In the UK, common providers include BT, Virgin Media, Sky, TalkTalk, and Plusnet.
81. Social Media
Internet-based platforms and applications that enable users to create, share, and exchange content whilst building virtual communities. Examples include Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok.
82. E-commerce
The process of buying and selling goods and services over the Internet through websites, apps, and digital platforms, eliminating the need for physical stores.
83. Online Banking
Digital financial services that allow customers to manage accounts, check balances, transfer funds, and pay bills through websites or apps without visiting physical branches. Most Nigerian banks now offer comprehensive online banking alongside traditional branches.
84. SEO (Search Engine Optimisation)
Techniques used to improve a website’s visibility and ranking in search engine results, involving keyword optimisation, quality content, and technical improvements to attract more visitors.
85. Organic
In the context of search results and online marketing, content that appears naturally based on relevance and quality rather than paid advertising. Organic traffic represents genuine interest rather than purchased visibility.
86. Hotspot
A physical location or device providing WiFi Internet access to multiple users, either through public networks in cafes and airports, or through a smartphone’s mobile data connection.
87. VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
Technology that enables phone calls over the Internet rather than traditional telephone lines, often reducing costs for long-distance and international calls.
88. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
A branch of computer science that enables machines to perform tasks requiring human-like thinking, such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving. Modern AI powers virtual assistants, facial recognition, recommendation systems, and autonomous vehicles.
Web Development Terms
89. HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
The standard language used to create and structure web pages, defining elements like headings, paragraphs, links, and images that browsers interpret and display.
90. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
The language used to add visual styling to web pages created with HTML, controlling layout, colours, fonts, spacing, and responsive design across different devices.
91. API (Application Programming Interface)
A set of rules and protocols that allows different software applications to communicate and share data with each other. APIs enable services like embedded maps, payment processing, and social media integration.
92. Frontend
The visible, interactive parts of a website or application that users see and interact with directly, including design, layout, and user interface elements.
93. Backend
The server-side components of a website or application that users do not see, including databases, application logic, and server operations that make websites function behind the scenes.
94. Framework
A collection of pre-written code, programmes, and components commonly used in software development, providing developers with structured foundations for building applications more efficiently.
Specialist Terms
95. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
A standard network protocol used for transferring files between computers over the Internet, commonly used for uploading website files to servers or downloading large files.
96. Proxy
An intermediary server that acts as a gateway between users and the Internet, intercepting requests and providing privacy, security, or access to restricted content.
97. SaaS (Software as a Service)
A software delivery model where applications are hosted in the cloud and accessed through web browsers rather than installed locally. Examples include Gmail, Dropbox, and Microsoft 365.
98. WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get)
A type of editor that displays content during creation exactly as it will appear when published or printed, making design more intuitive for non-technical users.
99. XML (Extensible Markup Language)
A flexible markup language used to structure, store, and transport data in a format that both humans and machines can read, commonly used for data exchange between systems.
100. XHTML (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language)
A stricter, more structured version of HTML that follows XML rules, designed to create cleaner, more standards-compliant web pages.
The Practical Value of Technical Literacy
Understanding these terms does not require memorising technical specifications or becoming proficient in networking. Rather, it provides the vocabulary needed to make informed decisions about technology services, communicate effectively with technical support, and troubleshoot common issues.
When an Internet service provider discusses bandwidth options, when a router requires configuration, or when comparing hosting plans for a small business website, this foundational knowledge transforms abstract concepts into practical considerations. It allows households to assess their needs, understand service offerings, and identify when something is not functioning correctly.
Technology continues evolving, with new terms and concepts emerging regularly. However, the fundamental principles underlying Internet connectivity, data transmission, and digital communication remain relatively stable. These basic terms provide a framework for understanding both current technology and future developments.
The goal is not technical mastery but practical literacy. Knowing what WiFi is, understanding the difference between the Internet and the Web, recognising what a domain name represents—these insights collectively build confidence in navigating an increasingly digital world. They transform technology from something mysterious and potentially frustrating into something comprehensible and manageable within the everyday household environment.
For parents, understanding these terms supports safer guidance for children navigating digital spaces. For seniors, it reduces fear and dependency by replacing mystery with clarity. For small business owners, it enables better decisions, fewer costly mistakes, and more informed conversations with service providers.
Technology will continue to evolve, but foundational concepts change slowly. Learning the language gives households stability in a shifting digital world.
At LivingExplained, the goal is not to overwhelm but to clarify. When people understand the systems shaping their daily lives, they move with confidence rather than caution, intention rather than reaction.
Living, clearly explained.
